Maybe you are an altruist looking for a way to help fight the coronavirus. Maybe you are hoping to be among the first to try an experimental vaccine. Or maybe you are just bored or could use a few hundred dollars.
Whatever your reasons, scientists, bioethicists and current volunteers say participating in a vaccine trial can be meaningful. And without hundreds of thousands of volunteers, there will be no vaccine for anyone.
But you may be surprised by the commitment and risks that a trial entails. Here’s what you need to know.
How do I find a trial?
A number of sites maintain lists of coronavirus vaccine trials. The Covid-19 Prevention Network site, created by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, helps connect volunteers to Phase 3 studies.
Right now, for example, Moderna is looking to enroll around 30,000 volunteers. ClinicalTrials.gov also lists Covid-19 vaccine studies at different phases.
What do these different phases mean?
There are three primary phases of a vaccine trial. A Phase 1 trial is focused on safety. If you participate, you are likely to be among the first human beings to try the vaccine. Researchers will want to track whether it affects you negatively, such as making you feverish or dizzy. Typically they will monitor you and a few dozen other subjects closely after each dose, and then check in periodically for about a year.
At the time you receive the vaccine, the developer won’t know if it prevents Covid-19. And even if it does, there’s little chance you’ll get the right amount. Still, Phase 1 trials are appealing to some volunteers because clinicians can sometimes assure all subjects that they’ll get the experimental vaccine, not an inactive placebo.
Phase 2 is bigger and typically involves a few hundred people. At this point, researchers are still watching for side effects, but they are also examining whether their vaccine is generating an immune response, said Dr. Larry Corey, a virologist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the leader of the Covid-19 Prevention Network.
If you think about a vaccine developer’s desired immune response like a bar that a pole-vaulter needs to clear to move to the next round, “you want to see that you got over the bar,” he said. To extend the metaphor, the pole-vaulter won’t know if clearing that bar was enough to win, he said. Just because a vaccine has generated an immune response, doesn’t mean it was sufficient to protect anyone, he said.
Only a Phase 3 trial allows researchers to study if their vaccine works. They do this by enrolling tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of volunteers, giving one-half of the group to two-thirds of them the vaccine, and giving the rest a placebo or an alternative treatment. They do not expose anyone to the coronavirus, but they try to enroll a large enough group in locations with enough cases that they can bank on some people getting infected in the normal course of their lives. They then evaluate whether the vaccine reduced the frequency of acquiring the infection and lessened the severity of the disease in the test group, Dr. Corey said.
How do I increase my chance of early access to an experimental vaccine?
There’s no guarantee that you’ll actually be protected from the coronavirus at any phase of a vaccine trial, no matter how hyped the product has been. By a Phase 3 trial, of course, there’s more to suggest that it works than a Phase 1 trial. But you might not get the vaccine at all. It might be an inactive placebo or an alternative intervention.
Researchers have to give these to some subjects to create a control group, said Nir Eyal, the director of the Center for Population-Level Bioethics at the Rutgers School of Public Health.
“Otherwise what do you compare the results to?” Dr. Eyal asked.
During the Ebola outbreak, there was a push to try to run efficacy trials without a control group, he said. But eventually most researchers came around to the idea that, without a control group, a study would tell them “basically nothing” because — as with the coronavirus — its “spread is mercurial, and very different in different areas at different times.”
How much will I get paid?
It could be a few hundred or a few thousand dollars. It varies by the trial.
“What you are doing is providing compensation for time and trouble,” said Dr. Daniel Hoft, director of the Saint Louis University Center for Vaccine Development.
Organizers try to avoid creating a financial incentive. So even if they could pay much more, they don’t.
The Coronavirus Outbreak ›
Frequently Asked Questions
Updated August 4, 2020
I have antibodies. Am I now immune?
- As of right now, that seems likely, for at least several months. There have been frightening accounts of people suffering what seems to be a second bout of Covid-19. But experts say these patients may have a drawn-out course of infection, with the virus taking a slow toll weeks to months after initial exposure. People infected with the coronavirus typically produce immune molecules called antibodies, which are protective proteins made in response to an infection. These antibodies may last in the body only two to three months, which may seem worrisome, but that’s perfectly normal after an acute infection subsides, said Dr. Michael Mina, an immunologist at Harvard University. It may be possible to get the coronavirus again, but it’s highly unlikely that it would be possible in a short window of time from initial infection or make people sicker the second time.
I’m a small-business owner. Can I get relief?
- The stimulus bills enacted in March offer help for the millions of American small businesses. Those eligible for aid are businesses and nonprofit organizations with fewer than 500 workers, including sole proprietorships, independent contractors and freelancers. Some larger companies in some industries are also eligible. The help being offered, which is being managed by the Small Business Administration, includes the Paycheck Protection Program and the Economic Injury Disaster Loan program. But lots of folks have not yet seen payouts. Even those who have received help are confused: The rules are draconian, and some are stuck sitting on money they don’t know how to use. Many small-business owners are getting less than they expected or not hearing anything at all.
What are my rights if I am worried about going back to work?
Should I refinance my mortgage?
- It could be a good idea, because mortgage rates have never been lower. Refinancing requests have pushed mortgage applications to some of the highest levels since 2008, so be prepared to get in line. But defaults are also up, so if you’re thinking about buying a home, be aware that some lenders have tightened their standards.
What is school going to look like in September?
- It is unlikely that many schools will return to a normal schedule this fall, requiring the grind of online learning, makeshift child care and stunted workdays to continue. California’s two largest public school districts — Los Angeles and San Diego — said on July 13, that instruction will be remote-only in the fall, citing concerns that surging coronavirus infections in their areas pose too dire a risk for students and teachers. Together, the two districts enroll some 825,000 students. They are the largest in the country so far to abandon plans for even a partial physical return to classrooms when they reopen in August. For other districts, the solution won’t be an all-or-nothing approach. Many systems, including the nation’s largest, New York City, are devising hybrid plans that involve spending some days in classrooms and other days online. There’s no national policy on this yet, so check with your municipal school system regularly to see what is happening in your community.
“If the money seems extraordinarily attractive to you, think again,” Arthur L. Caplan, a bioethicist, said. “You don’t want to let compensation blind you to the need to pay attention to the risks.”
If my health is harmed because of a trial, who pays for my care?
Let’s say that you are adversely affected by an experimental vaccine. You might assume that the vaccine developer will cover your health care costs. But typically they only commit to reimbursing your insurance company, Dr. Caplan said.
“Insurance companies will rarely pay anything if you are hurt in an experiment,” he said. So ask a lot of questions first. “If I get injured what happens?” is among those he recommends. Dr. Corey added that in some cases, the institute running the trials or the U.S. government’s pandemic relief fund, known as the Public Readiness and Preparedness Act, might cover those costs.
What if I’m willing to be infected with the coronavirus to speed up the science?
Across the world, a lively debate is underway about that.
This type of vaccine research is called a “challenge trial,” which entails giving volunteers a vaccine then deliberately exposing them to the virus to see if they end up infected.
The approach is controversial because Covid-19 has no cure and can be fatal. But it is also tantalizing because it promises to dramatically speed up research.
In mid-July, scientists at Oxford University announced that they would soon begin recruiting volunteers for such a trial. In the United States, a handful of vaccine developers have cautiously signaled they are open to a similar path eventually.
Dr. Eyal believes that the most ethical way to conduct these trials is to focus on young, healthy volunteers who meet criteria that suggest they’d be unlikely to develop a severe case of Covid-19. There are no guarantees, however, which is why some experts are adamantly opposed to challenge trials.
But if you are not deterred, and want to help advance the science, the site 1 Day Sooner invites people to sign up for future challenge trials. As of last week, the site ticker showed that more than 32,000 people from 140 countries were ready to volunteer.
