In a powerful statement of disagreement with the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of Biogen’s controversial Alzheimer’s drug this week, three scientists have resigned from the independent committee that advised the agency on the treatment.
“This might be the worst approval decision that the F.D.A. has made that I can remember,” said Dr. Aaron Kesselheim, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, who submitted his resignation Thursday after six years on the committee.
He said the agency’s approval of the drug, aducanumab, which is being marketed as Aduhelm, a monthly intravenous infusion that Biogen has priced at $56,000 per year, was wrong “because of so many different factors, starting from the fact that there’s no good evidence that the drug works.”
Two other members of the committee resigned earlier this week, expressing dismay at the approval of the drug despite the committee’s overwhelming rejection of it after reviewing clinical trial data in November.
The committee had found that the evidence did not convincingly show that Aduhelm could slow cognitive decline in people in the early stages of the disease — and that the drug could cause potentially serious side effects of brain swelling and brain bleeding. None of the 11 members of the committee considered the drug ready for approval: Ten voted against and one was uncertain.
“Approval of a drug that is not effective has serious potential to impair future research into new treatments that may be effective,” said Dr. Joel Perlmutter, a neurologist at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, who was the first to resign from the committee.
“In addition, the implementation of aducanumab therapy will potentially cost billions of dollars, and these dollars may be better spent in either developing better evidence for aducanumab or other therapeutic interventions,” Dr. Perlmutter added.
Shannon P. Hatch, a spokeswoman for the F.D.A., said the agency does not comment on matters related to individual members of advisory committees.
Biogen plans to begin shipping out the drug in about two weeks. It expects more than 900 sites across the country, typically memory clinics that see patients with dementia, to soon be ready to administer the drug.
The F.D.A.’s decision to green-light it marked the first approval of an Alzheimer’s treatment in 18 years. Patient advocacy groups had pushed for approval because there are only five other medications available for the debilitating condition and they only address dementia symptoms for a matter of months.
But since at least last fall, several respected experts, including some Alzheimer’s doctors who worked on the aducanumab clinical trials, have said the available evidence raised significant doubts about whether the drug is effective. They also said that even if it could slow cognitive decline in some patients, the suggested benefit — a slowing of symptoms for roughly four months over 18 months — might be barely noticeable to patients and would not outweigh the risks of brain side effects.
Beyond the steep price tag of the drug, additional costs to screen patients before treatment and for regular MRIs required to monitor their brains for problems could add tens of thousands of dollars to the tab. Medicare is expected to shoulder much of the bill.
“Giving patients a drug that doesn’t work and of course has important risks that are going to require multiple MRIs at a price of $56,000 a year is putting patients in a really challenging position and putting doctors in a difficult position as well,” Dr. Kesselheim said.
Beyond their conviction that the existing evidence for Aduhelm’s benefit is weak, the advisory committee members who resigned — as well as several prominent Alzheimer’s experts — objected to two major aspects of the F.D.A.’s approval decision.
One issue is that the F.D.A. approved the drug for a much broader group of patients — anyone with Alzheimer’s — than many experts were anticipating. The clinical trials tested the drug only on patients with early-stage Alzheimer’s or mild cognitive impairment from the disease.
The other issue is that a significant part of the F.D.A.’s rationale for granting approval was its contention that the drug’s ability to attack the amyloid protein in patients’ brains would help slow their cognitive symptoms.
“This is a major problem,” Dr. Perlmutter said.
While amyloid is considered a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease because its accumulation in the brain is a key facet of the condition, there has been very little scientific evidence that reducing amyloid can actually help patients by easing their memory and thinking problems.
Clinical trials of other amyloid-reducing drugs over more than two decades have failed to offer evidence that the medications slowed cognitive decline. Consequently, many experts had said it was especially important to have solid evidence for Aduhelm’s ability to address symptoms.
In November, F.D.A. officials told the advisory committee members that the agency would not be counting the drug’s ability to reduce amyloid as an indication that it might be effective. But in Monday’s decision, the F.D.A. announced that it had done just that.
“FDA has determined that there is substantial evidence that Aduhelm reduces amyloid beta plaques in the brain and that the reduction in these plaques is reasonably likely to predict important benefits to patients,” the F.D.A.’s director of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Dr. Patrizia Cavazzoni, wrote on the agency’s website about the decision to make the drug available under a program called accelerated approval.
But advisory committee members said the committee was never told that the agency was planning to consider approval based on amyloid reduction and that their opinion was never sought about that significant change. Dr. Perlmutter said the committee was “not made aware of any additional information or statistical analyses that would support” approval.
Dr. David Knopman, a clinical neurologist at the Mayo Clinic, wrote in an email to F.D.A. officials informing them of his resignation from the advisory committee on Wednesday: “Biomarker justification for approval in the absence of consistent clinical benefit after 18 months of treatment is indefensible.”
Dr. Knopman, who had recused himself from the November meeting because he had served as a site principal investigator for one of the aducanumab trials, added that “the whole saga of the approval of aducanumab, culminating on Monday in the accelerated approval, made a mockery” of the advisory committee’s role.
Dr. Peter Stein, who directs the F.D.A. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research’s Office of New Drugs, said in a briefing with reporters after the decision that agency reviewers were persuaded by what he described as a strong relationship between plaque reduction and potential clinical benefit with Aduhelm, which he said had not been seen in previous studies of drugs designed to clear amyloid.
Dr. Stein also defended the agency’s decision to approve the drug for such a broad group of patients, saying it could be relevant beyond the early stages of Alzheimer’s.
“Because amyloid is a hallmark of the disease through its entire course, the expectation is that this drug will provide benefit across that spectrum,” Dr. Stein said.
As a condition for the approval, the F.D.A. said it would require Biogen to conduct another clinical trial and will allow the company about nine years to complete it. Those terms also concern some experts. They say that during those years the drug will be available without restriction, and if the new trial does not find the drug beneficial, the agency can revoke its approval, but it is not required to and has not always done so with other drugs.
“The timeline that they provided for so-called confirmatory trial, nine years, is problematic,” said Dr. Kesselheim, who also directs Harvard Medical School’s program on regulation, therapeutics and law. “There’s going to be a lot of use of the product during that time.”
